Fathers of Maths & Science

The below facts are taken from Wikipedia and almost all the scholars existed between 7th to 15th century AD.

#	Subject	Founder/Father	European Name	Comments	Reference
1	Father of Al-Gabra(Algebra)	Al Khawazimi	Algoritmi	Do you know the word Algorithm comes from his name	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi
2	First father of Chemistry	Jabir Ibn Hayyan	Geber		http://chemistry.about.com/od/historyofchemistry/a/Who-Is-The-Father-Of-Chemistry.htm http://chemistry.about.com/b/2013/08/20/who-is-the-father-of-chemistry.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n
3	The True Fathers of Alchemey ["Alchemy itself was derived from the Arabic word الكيمياء al-kimia"]	Gabir/Alkindi/Razi	a) Razi was named Rhazes b) Jabir was named Gabir/Gaber	..contributed a number of key chemical discoveries, such as the muriatic (hydrochloric acid), sulfuric and nitric acids, and more. The discovery that aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, could dissolve the noblest metal, gold, was to fuel the imagination of alchemists for the next millennium..	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy
4	Experimental physics	ibn al-Haytham	Alhazen		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen
5	Optics	ibn al-Haytham	Alhazen		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen
6	Geodesy	Al-buruni		Geodesy: A branch of Applied Mathematica and earth Sciences	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruni
7	Indology	Al-buruni			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruni
8	Pediatrics	Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi	Rhazes		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhazes
9	Father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics	Ibn Sina	Avicenna	Ibn Sina called as Avicenna in Europe also wrote the book "The Canon of Medicine"      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine.	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna
10	Father of Modern Cryptology	Al-Kindi			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi
11	Snell's law [..first discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law..]	Ibn Sahl			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl
12	First theorems on hyperbolic geometry	Alhacen( ibn al-Haytham ), Khayyam and al-Tusi			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometry
13	Trigonometry -Advancements	Refer Comments		a) Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī : Produced accurate sine and cosine tables, and the first table of tangents b) Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi : Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi produced the first table of cotangents c) Al-Jayyani: The first treatise on spherical trigonometry d) Pythagorean_theorem - Arbitrary_triangle: Thabit Ibn Qurra http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem#Arbitrary_triangle more: http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/masters/islamic/arab.pdf	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trigonometry
14	Trigonometry -Advancements (Cubic Equations)	Omar-Khayyam		Omar-Khayyam: discovered that a cubic equation can have more than one solution and stated that it cannot be solved using compass and straightedge constructions	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_equation
15	The True fathers of Astronmy (Galileo? - Noway, readthe below article)	Refer Comments: [The true father should be al-Khwarizmi for the work contains tables for the movements of the sun, the moon and the five planets known at the time.]		a) "A significant number of stars in the sky, such as Aldebaran and Altair, and astronomical terms such as alidade, azimuth, and almucantar, are still referred to by their Arabic names." b) al-Khwarizmi :The work contains tables for the movements of the sun, the moon and the five planets known at the time. b)  Al-Farghani :  precessional movement of the apogees of the sun and the moon, and the circumference of the earth. c) Alburani : Explained different phases of the moon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronomers d) According to Copernicus, Thabit determined the length of the sidereal year as 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 12 seconds (an error of 2 seconds). Copernicus based his claim on the Latin text attributed to Thabit. Thabit published his observations of the Sun. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronomers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra
16	Father of Integral Calculas	ibn al-Haytham	Alhazen	.. Alhazen derived a formula for the sum of fourth powers. He used the results to carry out what would now be called an integration, where the formulas for the sums of integral squares and fourth powers allowed him to calculate the volume of a paraboloid...	Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_calculus
17	Father of modern surgery	Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi	Albucasis		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zahrawi
18	Father of Scientific Methods	ibn al-Haytham	Alhazen		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen
19	Father Of Economics	Ibn_Khaldun			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun
20	Father Of Sociology	Ibn_Khaldun			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun
21	Historiography	Ibn_Khaldun			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun
22	Demography	Ibn_Khaldun			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun
23	World Map	Muhammad al-Idrisi	Dreses	The most advanced world map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi
24	Pulmonary Blood Circulation	Al-Nafis			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis
25	The TRUE FATHER OF Mechanical Engineering	Al-Jazari		..he described 100 mechanical devices, some 80 of which are trick vessels of various kinds, along with instructions on how to construct them . He invented  hydropowered water raising machines, CrankShaft, Segmental Gears, Chain Pumps, Suction pump, Suction pipes, double action pumps, water supply system to be driven by gears and hydropower and Elephant Clocks.Al-Jazari invented five machines for raising water,[24] as well as watermills and water wheels with cams on their axle used to operate automata. HE IS ALSO THE FATHER OF ROBOTICS.                   TRUTH ABOUT DAVINCI- Do you know? It is said that Davinci was inspired by Al-Jazari inventions. But the truth is he was a painter. He suddenly disappeared for few years  and after he came back started drawing mechanical equipments(Source- History cannel : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9xWflIw0g4) . HE MUST HAVE COPIED AND LEARNT HIS DIAGRAMS FROM AL-JAZARI and others. Also as muslims he testified the fact that Jesus(Pbuh) was a man.	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazari
26	Father OF ROBOTICS	Al-Jazari		Musical robot band: al-Jazari created a musical automaton, which was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazari
27	Theory Of Relativity	Alhazen(ibn al-Haytham) [It is not Newton]	Alhazen	Alhazen is also the father of optics, experimental physics, scientific methods and Integral Calculus. He published about gravity in some of his 200 bublished books	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen
28	Father of Amicable Numbers & Thabit Numbers	Al-Ṣābiʾ Thābit ibn Qurra al-Ḥarrānī	Thabit		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabit_number
	Other References:	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field
		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scientists
		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine
		https://www.facebook.com/LostIslamicHistory, lostIslamicHistory.com
	Do you Know?
	Algorithm/Algorism: The word algorithm comes from the name of the 9th century Persian mathematician Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm]
	Do you know the word AL has an arabic origin - mean THE. Many of the words were coined by Muslims, like Algebra, Algorithm, Alcohol.. . Even the word Allah begins with AL.
	Other Major Advancements :
	Sperical Trigonometry	Al-Jayyani (989–1079) of al-Andalus wrote The book of unknown arcs of a sphere, which is considered "the first treatise on spherical trigonometry" in its modern form.[33] It "contains formulae for right-handed triangles, the general law of sines, and the solution of a spherical triangle by means of the polar triangle." This treatise later had a "strong influence on European mathematics", and his "definition of ratios as numbers" and "method of solving a spherical triangle when all sides are unknown" are likely to have influenced Regiomontanus.[33]  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trigonometry]
	Trigonometry - Other Advancement:	The method of triangulation was first developed by Muslim mathematicians, who applied it to practical uses such as surveying[34] and Islamic geography, as described by Abu Rayhan Biruni in the early 11th century. Biruni himself introduced triangulation techniques to measure the size of the Earth and the distances between various places.[35] In the late 11th century, Omar Khayyám (1048–1131) solved cubic equations using approximate numerical solutions found by interpolation in trigonometric tables. In the 13th century, Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī was the first to treat trigonometry as a mathematical discipline independent from astronomy, and he developed spherical trigonometry into its present form.[29] He listed the six distinct cases of a right-angled triangle in spherical trigonometry, and in his On the Sector Figure, he stated the law of sines for plane and spherical triangles, discovered the law of tangents for spherical triangles, and provided proofs for both these laws.[36] In the 15th century, Jamshīd al-Kāshī provided the first explicit statement of the law of cosines in a form suitable for triangulation.[citation needed] In France, the law of cosines is still referred to as the theorem of Al-Kashi. He also gave trigonometric tables of values of the sine function to four sexagesimal digits (equivalent to 8 decimal places) for each 1° of argument with differences to be added for each 1/60 of 1°.[citation needed] Ulugh Beg also gives accurate tables of sines and tangents correct to 8 decimal places around the same time.[citation needed] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trigonometry]
	Medicine -Great Achievements	There so many, many advancement made by Muslim Scientist In the field of Medicine,